Nietzsches Idea of Eternal Return

The idea of eternal return, or eternal recurrence, has existed in various forms since antiquity. Put simply, its the theory that existence recurs in an infinite cycle as energy and matter transform over time. In ancient Greece, the Stoics believed that the universe went through repeating stages of transformation similar to those found in the wheel of time of Hinduism and Buddhism. Such ideas of cyclical time later fell out of fashion, especially in the West, with the rise of Christianity. One notable exception is found in the work of Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), a 19th-century German thinker who was known for his unconventional approach to philosophy. One of Nietzsches most famous ideas is that of eternal recurrence, which appears in the penultimate section of his book The Gay Science. Eternal Recurrence The Gay Science is one of Nietzsches most personal works, collecting not only his philosophical reflections but also a number of poems, aphorisms, and songs. The idea of eternal recurrence—which Nietzsche presents as a sort of thought experiment—appears in Aphorism 341, The Greatest Weight: What, if some day or night a demon were to steal after you into your loneliest loneliness and say to you: This life as you now live it and have lived it, you will have to live once more and innumerable times more; and there will be nothing new in it, but every pain and every joy and every thought and sigh and everything unutterably small or great in your life will have to return to you, all in the same succession and sequence—even this spider and this moonlight between the trees, and even this moment and I myself. The eternal hourglass of existence is turned upside down again and again, and you with it, speck of dust! Would you not throw yourself down and gnash your teeth and curse the demon who spoke thus? Or have you once experienced a tremendous moment when you would have answered him: You are a god and never have I heard anything more divine. If this thought gained possession of you, it would change you as you are or perhaps crush you. The question in each and every thing, Do you desire this once more and innumerable times more? would lie upon your actions as the greatest weight. Or how well disposed would you have to become to yourself and to life? Nietzsche reported that this thought came to him suddenly one day in August 1881 while he was taking a walk along a lake in Switzerland. After introducing the idea at the end of The Gay Science, he made it one of the fundamental concepts of his next work, Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Zarathustra, the prophet-like figure who proclaims Nietzsche’s teachings in this volume, is at first reluctant to articulate the idea, even to himself. Eventually, though, he proclaims that eternal recurrence is a joyful truth, one that should be embraced by anyone who lives life to the fullest. Oddly enough, eternal recurrence doesnt figure too prominently in any of the works Nietzsche published after Thus Spoke Zarathustra. However, there is a section dedicated to the idea in The Will to Power, a collection of notes published by Nietzsche’s sister Elizabeth in 1901. In the passage, Nietzsche seems to seriously entertain the possibility that the doctrine is literally true. It is significant, however, that the philosopher never insists on the ideas literal truth in any of his other published writings. Rather, he presents eternal recurrence as a sort of thought experiment, a test of ones attitude toward life. Nietzsche’s Philosophy Nietzsches philosophy is concerned with questions about freedom, action, and will. In presenting the idea of eternal recurrence, he asks us not to take the idea as truth but to ask ourselves what we would do if the idea were true. He assumes that our first reaction would be utter despair: the human condition is tragic; life contains much suffering; the thought that one must relive it all an infinite number of times seems terrible. But then he imagines a different reaction. Suppose we could welcome the news, embrace it as something that we desire? That, says Nietzsche, would be the ultimate expression of a life-affirming attitude: to want this life, with all its pain and boredom and frustration, again and again. This thought connects with the dominant theme of Book IV of The Gay Science, which is the importance of being a â€Å"yea-sayer,† a life-affirmer, and of embracing amor fati (love of one’s fate). This is also how the idea is presented in Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Zarathustra’s being able to embrace eternal recurrence is the ultimate expression of his love for life and his desire to remain â€Å"faithful to the earth.† Perhaps this would be the response of the ÃÅ"bermnesch or Overman who Zarathustra anticipates as a higher kind of human being. The contrast here is with religions like Christianity, which see this world as inferior, this life as a mere preparation for a better life in paradise. Eternal recurrence thus offers a notion of immortality counter to the one proposed by Christianity. Sources and Further Reading Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Gay Science (Die Frà ¶hliche Wissenschaft). Trans. Kaufmann, Walter. New York: Vintage Books, 1974.Lampert, Laurence. Nietzsches Teaching: An Interpretation of Thus Spoke Zarathustra. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1986.Pearson, Keith Ansell, ed. A Companion to Nietzsche. London UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2006.  Strong, Tracy B. Friedrich Nietzsche and the Politics of Transfiguration. Expanded ed. Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000.

Essay on Pro-Affirmative Action - 1059 Words

PRO-AFFIRMATIVE ACTION What is it? Well affirmative action is, in plain text, the consideration of your class, race, gender, color, ethnicity, national origin, and disability when deciding who gets a certain job or admission into a school. If you are amenity applying for a job and there are other people that are applying as well then you will be considered for the job over one of the other people, even if they have more experience. It is not only for jobs, it is also used in any situation that there is a minority or different person, racially or ethnicity, because the particular business or corporation needs to have some minorities working in that business or in that school. They do this because of a government law or because they†¦show more content†¦The California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI) asked the question: Why should the people of California constitutionally prohibit themselves from ever again taking gender, race, national origin, ethnicity, or color into account in the operation of public employment, education or contracting? I think that even though affirmative action is a good idea, I can not disagree with the CCRI because even though we should not have to go that far to have to bring those kinds of things into the situation. All businesses, schools, etc., should have people of different colors, races, and ethnicity because it gives people a sense of belonging and allows people to make new friends of different origins and to learn from them. I feel that if we ignore the fact that we need people of different race, color, etc., in schools, jobs, etc., and continue to do it the old way. Then we will again live in a world of hate and crime like it once was when we did not allow woman or people of different races into our society, as far as schools and businesses are concerned (no author, see work cited #3). Colleges and Universities are still trying to move beyond race-based admissions. In the case of a young woman who applied to the University of Washington who talks about her home life with her father abusing her mother and her mother abusing drugs. This essay from the high school senior impacted the readers into helping to ban affirmative action from university admissions. InShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Affirmative Action1548 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative action is defined as â€Å"an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women sought to achieve a multicultural staff through affirmative action; also: a similar effort to promote the rights or progress of other disadvantaged persons† (Affirmative Action, n.d.). Affirmative action is a government policy that ensures that diversity is maintained in schools and in the workplace. It’s designed to assist individuals overcome previousRead MorePro Affirm ative Action Essay2153 Words   |  9 PagesAffirmative action is a policy or a program that seeks to redress past discrimination of minorities through active measures in order to ensure equal opportunity, as in education and employment. In other words, it is policy that was established to hopefully eliminate racial preference and equalize the United States. The fight against discrimination has been a long lasting one that started with the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson, which ended in the desegregation of all schools (Ficker). Affirmative actionRead MorePros and Cons of Affirmative Action Essay1185 Words   |  5 PagesAnalytical Paper 3 – Affirmative Action Introduction According to Raymond A. Noe, affirmative action is an organization’s active effort to find opportunities to hire or promote people in a particular group (Fundamentals of Human Resource Management 68). There are various arguments for and against affirmative action. Some believe that it gives certain groups of people an equal opportunity to find employment where they would otherwise be kicked under the rug. Others believe that even though it createsRead MoreAffirmative Action - Pros and Cons Essay1057 Words   |  5 PagesDiscussion of Affirmative Action Ââ€" Pros and Cons. Affirmative Action programming is seen by some as a mechanical remedy to past social conditions that penalized minority member applicants for employment, women, or persons with disabilities. In the United States, Affirmative Action has been seen as compensation for the exclusion of the African American community, in particular, and has been hoped to create upward mobility for more members of this sector. In this sense, Affirmative Action may haveRead More The Pros and Cons of Affirmative Action Essay3458 Words   |  14 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action has been the topic of debate for many years. It has been controversial because it has been said to be a form of reverse discrimination. This paper will discuss the purpose behind affirmative action, as well as, its various strengths and weaknesses. Also, this paper will look at the following issues surrounding affirmative action such as the incompetency myth ( are companies hiring less qualified people?), the impa ct on employment (what has changed in the work place?), theRead MoreAffirmative Action in the Workplace997 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action in the Workplace Negative and Positive Rebecca Mikell Human Resources BUS362 Affirmative action in this time and place is a very hard area to keep in place when it comes to keeping jobs even at work for the employees. Sometimes this type of equality in the working world can be good and sometimes it can be bad, but it depends on how it is used that really makes how a person can feel when it comes to this type of treatment of employees no matter what color or sexRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Affirmative Action Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesEssay The Affirmative Action Debate Affirmative Action Defined Affirmative Action can be defined as â€Å"positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded (Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)†. However because those steps involve â€Å"preferential† selection affirmative action generates intense controversy (Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Affirmative Action (Negative)Read MoreAffirmative Action Necessary or Unnecessary? Essay1000 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action was centered around 1961 because women and minorities were being discriminated against. By definition, affirmative action is â€Å"the encouragement of increased representation of women and minority-group members, especially in employment† (Dictionary.com). The main controversy of affirmative action is whether or not it is still necessary, and if it should be abolished all together. It was originally intended to benefit cultural groups that were thought to suffer from discriminationRead MoreDiscrimination And Sexual Harassment And Affirmative Action1594 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination and Sexual Harassment Most companies engage in some type of affirmative action policy. Affirmative actions are policies that are placed to engage in the improvement of underprivileged groups who either currently suffer or have historically suffered from discrimination and equality of opportunity. During our lecture, Dr. Kallfelz stated that affirmative action is a, â€Å"Proactive policy with primary immediate attempt to reform (and long term attempt to prevent and deter) socioeconomicallyRead MoreAffirmative Action And The Civil Rights And Equal Opportunity Legislation Of The 1960s958 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative action is a program that serves to rectify the effects of purportedly past societal discrimination by allocating jobs and opportunities to minorities and women. Affirmative action programs were an outgrowth of the 1950s and 1960s civil rights movements and the Civil Rights and Equal Opportunity legislation of the 1960s. Close to fifty years later, the practice of affirmative action has been at the vanguard of intense debate more than any other time in its history. Hardly a week goes

Essay about Jean Piaget The Man Behind the Lab Coat

Jean Piaget: The Man Behind the Lab Coat Jean Piagets legacy is one that has affected a wide disparity of disciplines. Commonly acknowledged as one of the foremost psychologists of the 20th century, certainly the premiere child developmental psychologist, Piaget preferred to be referred to as a genetic epistemologist. This is because he identified child psychology as being limited to merely the study of the child, whereas his main focus was the study of the origins, characteristics, and limitations of knowledge, usually as seen in the development in children. It has been said of him that he approached questions up until then exclusively philosophical, in a resolutely empirical manner, and made epistemology (the study of knowledge),†¦show more content†¦Although this only marginally places him in the 19th century, he was greatly influenced by the great thinkers of that period, especially their views on evolutionary development. Because of them, Piaget was very interested in the mechanisms of biological adaption, and in the analysis of another form of adaption-- scientific thought. It is important though to remember that at that time, the field of psychology was strongly related to the areas of philosophy, physics, physiology, and religion. Psychology itself was less than a century old when Piaget began his studies of it in 1921, which meant that psychology was still in a state of enormous change. Jean Piaget was the oldest of three children, and the only boy. He grew up in an environment conductive to learning, because although the city of Neuchatel was not very large, during his youth it experienced a sudden surge in educational institutions. Among these, was his future university. Piaget came from a middle-class family, with parents that were considered rather unconventional. His father was a highly respected historian, whose opinions at times were thought to be controversial. Piaget was greatly influenced by him, especially by his belief in the value of systematic work, even in the small matters. His relationship with his mother was more difficult. In many ways she was a warm person, with strong convictions, and an interest in social reform. It is inferred however that she had a rather neurotic

Poetry Analysis The Vacuum - 1171 Words

POEM ANALYSIS The Vacuum by Howard Nemerov talks about a widower and his late wife, and how he uses the vacuum as a symbol for her death. The poem expresses deep sorrow and sadness that derive from the loneliness of the speaker, after his other half’s passing away. Nemerov attempts to take his readers on a grief-stricken journey, by strategically employing figurative language (mainly personification, metaphor, simile, and alliteration), fractured rhyme schemes and turns in stanza breaks in the poem. The poem itself has many examples of personification all throughout the stanzas, suggesting that the speaker highly connects the vacuum to his wife and her demise, as well as to his ordeal after losing her; â€Å"the vacuum cleaner sulks†¦show more content†¦The bag (which was previously described as limp) is now â€Å"swelling like a belly†, reflecting the wife’s body prior to her death. Also, the phrase â€Å"eating the dust† bears resemblance to the term â€Å"bite the dust†, which is a common metaphor for dying. Finally, after her painful ordeal, the wife â€Å"begins to howl† out of her suffering and dies. Furthermore, Nemerov also employed alliteration to the poem, reflecting the widower’s constant sorrow and agony. â€Å"And still the hungry, angry heart/ Hangs on and howls, biting at air.† (lines 14-15). The repetitive use of ‘h’ in words ‘hangs’ and ‘howls’, as well as the similarity of pronunciation in words â€Å"hungry† and â€Å"angry† adds emphasis to the suffering of the widower. It can also be seen that Nemerov used a fractured rhyme scheme when writing the poem. Words like â€Å"mouth/youth†, â€Å"soul/howl†, â€Å"dirt/heart† show examples of the rhyme scheme that the poet has used. The words rhyme in a slant way and do not rhyme directly, which may suggest the feeling of incompleteness that the speaker is experiencing without his wife, as opposed to direct rhyming words that may show a somewhat positive tone and feeling of wholeness in a poem. Apart from that, the poem consists of a series of turns that reflect different parts of the speaker’s feelings and the experiences he had. The significance of these turns is made possible through the use of stanza breaks. For example, the firstShow MoreRelatedConfessional Poetry Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesConfessional poetry is a style that emerged in the late 1950’s. Poetry of this type tends to be very personal and emotional. Many confessional poets dealt with subject matter that had previously been taboo. Death, trauma, mental illness, sexuality, and numerous other topics flowed through the works of the poetry from this movement. Confessional poetry was not purely autobiographical, but did often express deeply disturbing personal experience. (Academy of American Poets) Three importantRead MoreHow Has the Poetry of Judith Wright Encapsulated the Australian Experience? Refer to 3 Poems in Your Response?1277 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish essay practice How has the poetry of Judith Wright Encapsulated the Australian experience? Refer to 3 poems in your response? Intro help is at this website http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Judith-Wright/149895 Structure * Reiterate the question-give you thesis * Definition of the Australian Experience * Overview of all things you will discuss/introduce poems * (summary of paragraphs) Paragraphs for each poem * Present one aspect of the Australian experience conveyedRead MoreEssay about E.E. Cummings: The Birth of Modern Poetry1882 Words   |  8 Pagespast experiences in his poetry and life. Known as one of the preeminent poets of the 20th century, E.E. 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The pedagogical approaches listed will contain several procedures that are specific to my future high school history class, and

The Problem of Accounting Fraud

Question: Discuss the problem of accounting fraud. How can it be detected and controlled, and how can this help corporate growth? Answer: Abstract The definition of accounting fraud is any change in the accounting record in revenues, sales, and expenses that led to misrepresent a companys financial status. This has been addressed as a major problem for companies (Business Dictionary, n.d.). There are different types of accounting fraud. First type that can reflect in a companys financial statement is stock. Second type is a real estate asset. Companies have set strategies and improved couple ways to detect, eliminate, and control accounting fraud. Some of the strategies that have been used by companies to detect accounting fraud are comparison between prices on the market with sales of the company and auditing the financial statement of the company. On the other hand, to control accounting fraud, companies have implemented advanced audit systems. A good auditing system will eliminate fraud activity from happening. Body Section 3 (Deceptively Manipulate Accounting) Deceptively manipulate accounting can occur in two methods. These two methods are inflating or deflating profits. Inflating profit happened when inserting deceitful and higher numbers than actual over time (Yu, 2013). This is used to support the companys position in getting great deals in borrowing since its ability to meet debt obligation is high by showing wrong financial information. An example of inflating profit is when a company logs into its balance sheet a total value of its assets higher than actual. This type of fraud is exacerbated when the company presents its obligations to creditors as less than they are, in reality, and raise the value of its assets (Yu, 2013). Another method of deceptively manipulate accounting is by hiding some of the current income to cover the deficit in the future. Steady performance or even increase in the company will appear even if the company is losing. However, the main reason behind hiding some of the companys income is to avoid taxation. Th is method of deceptively manipulate accounting will assure companies illegally pay fewer taxes and get supported for aid requests and trade tariff protection from the trade authorities. Companies can get the benefit from doing so by paying less cash to shareholders (Yu, 2013). References Accounting fraud. (N.d). In Business Dictionary. (2014) Retrieved from https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/accounting-fraud.htmlYu, X. (2013). Securities Fraud and Corporate Finance: Recent Developments. Managerial Decision and Economics, Forthcoming, 34, 439-450. DOI: 10.1002/mde.2621.

Mediterranean Diet Other Lifestyle Changes- Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Mediterranean Diet And Other Lifestyle Changes? Answer: Introducation The current study discusses the impact of Mediterranean diet and other lifestyle changes in reducing the risk of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). The Statin drugs have been used in order to control or reduce the levels of cholesterol in the blood of an individual. However as argued by Dalen Devries (2014), debatable results have been obtained regarding the true effects of statin in controlling cholesterol level in the Accounting. Recent studies have also shown that presence of other associated factors such as Atherosclerosis and diabetes is independent of the blood cholesterol level. However, as commented by Salvad Lapetra (2017), the breakings down of red meat in Trimethyl Oxide (TMAO) have been seen to promote the development of defective cardiovascular conditions in humans. However, research and evidences has shown that a practically vegan diet has been seen to promote a positive and healthy functioning of the heart. The mental health practices are based upon risk an assessment and management for the prevention and control of diseases such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder on the life of an individual. In this respect, the methods are simply based upon the analysis and management of the risks, however, they to fail to measure the positive and negative consequences of such diseases. The Australian mental health system on the other hand is focussed upon provision of a holistic care regimen to the patients seeking care. This is done by providing them mental and emotional counselling, which is based upon self determination and self management principles. As argued by Mamelle et al.(2010),there are still a number of loopholes in the Australian care system. This is because diseases with profound effect on the life of an individual such as Schizophrenia and bipolar need constant management and supervision. However, no particular measure has been adopted by far which will be aimed at the improvement of the same. The article points at the use of statin as prescription drugs for the prevention and control of coronary heart disease. The current studies have shown statin to reduce the risk of heart disease by 30%. On the contrary, the Mediterranean diets have been shown to reduce the risk of statin related heart disease by 70%. Therefore, there have been disputes regrading which conventional mode of medication to be followed. As argued by World Health Organisation (2017), the uses of statin as medicinal drugs have often been found to result in a number of side effects. Some of these include increased risk of diabetes and related cognitive impairment. In my opinion, the sale of statin drugs across the globe signifies that there are still loopholes as the introduction of other similar options. However, i think that adapting to a positive lifestyle change can also bring in a positive effect and can act as a control measure. The global uses of statin have pointed out at the affectivity of the drug in lowering the blood cholesterol level along with reducing the cellular concentration of statin in the blood. However, as commented by Hughes et al. (2015), adapting to holistic care regimen and principles such as resorting to a vegan diet can help achieve the same outcomes without causing any adverse side effects. Therefore, in my opinion use of such an alternative option not only helps in increasing the longevity of a persons life. It also helps in reducing the risk of side effects brought about by constant use of statin. As commented by Kidd et al.(2015), Mediterranean diet have been seen to change gene expression and decrease inflammation through the promotion of healthy microbiota. Therefore, there is a need to bring about recommended changes in the suggested medication. This helps in prevention of the cardiovascular diseases as well as promotion of a holistic health care. References Dalen, J. E., Devries, S. (2014). Diets to prevent coronary heart disease 1957-2013: what have we learned?.The American journal of medicine,127(5), 364-369. Gutirrez-Bedmar, M., Martnez-Gonzlez, M. ., Muoz-Bravo, C., Ruiz-Canela, M., Mariscal, A., Salas-Salvad, J., ... Lapetra, J. (2017). Chromium Exposure and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in High Cardiovascular Risk Subjects?Nested Case-Control Study in the Prevention With Mediterranean Diet (PREDIMED) Study?.Circulation Journal,81(8), 1183-1190. Hughes, P., Ahmed, N., Winslow, M., Walters, S. J., Collins, K., Noble, B. (2015). Consumer views on a new holistic screening tool for supportive and palliative?care needs: Sheffield Profile for Assessment and Referral for Care (SPARC): a survey of self?help support groups in health care.Health Expectations,18(4), 562-577. J (2013) Recovery capital: What enables a sustainable recovery from mental health difficulties? European Journal of Social Work 16: 360374 J (2013) Recovery capital: What enables a sustainable recovery from mental health difficulties? European Journal of Social Work 16: 360374 Kidd, S., Kenny, A., McKinstry, C. (2015). The meaning of recovery in a regional mental health service: an action research study.Journal of advanced nursing,71(1), 181-192. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-1389 [PMID: 7968073] 2 de Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Guidollet J, Touboul P, Delaye J. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acidrich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1994; 343: 1454-1459 [PMID: 7911176] 3 de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Boucher P, Mamelle N. Mediterranean dietary pattern in a randomized trial: prolonged survival and possible reduced cancer rate. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 1181-1187 [PMID: 9625397] Valls-Pedret, C., Sala-Vila, A., Serra-Mir, M., Corella, D., de la Torre, R., Martnez-Gonzlez, M. ., ... Estruch, R. (2015). Mediterranean diet and age-related cognitive decline: a randomized clinical trial.JAMA internal medicine,175(7), 1094-1103. World Health Organisation 2017, Seventieth Health Assembly update, 30 May 2017,Viewed 23 July 2017, Retrieved fromwww.who.int.com